Undervolting long term use
Undervolting long term use. As has been shown in earlier work, by using thereliable IdealVolting undervolting scheme the lifetime of WSN applications can be increased I just started undervolting my GTX 1650 Super, and I wanna know if there is a such thing as "wrongly done undervolting" that could damage my GPU in long-term. Also Read: How to Stream on a Laptop (Twitch) Difference Between Undervolting and Overclocking Yeah, just knocking down the max clock speed on my 6900xt by 100mhz and undervolting it by about 3% reduces my performance by about 1% on average (literally just a 2 FPS difference on average in games I had 200 FPS in) , but reduces power consumption by 100w on average. So yes, undervolting is a good thing if it's done right, especially on a Ryzen which benefit from a more efficient process. Sep 27, 2023 · Consider slightly scaling back the the core and memory overclock for better long-term stability. And after finishing it's wise to do a filesystem check Just want to ask if with my current Undervolt Config is safe in the long run? I've stress tested this at Furmark and Cinebench r23 running for more that 2 Hours and I've played 6 Hours of Cyberpunk 2077 without anything weird happening so I think this is stable. Otherwise, as long as is scales with it, more power = more stability = can push further. Nat Neurosci. Of course there's the guide OP sent, but there's also this guide I use all the time made by Lunar in the bapc discord. Chip manufacturers like TSMC (which makes AMD processors and graphics cards like the Jul 31, 2023 · By undervolting your GPU, you can potentially achieve a range of benefits, including reduced power consumption, lower operating temperatures, potential decrease in fan noise, extended overall lifespan of the graphics card, and even increased stability during demanding tasks such as gaming or video editing. Feb 8, 2023 · Long-term use of opioids may lead to dependence on the medications and, eventually, addiction. Jun 6, 2023 · Research shows that long-term use of ADHD meds is safe. power package ${short_term} ${long_term} can be used to alter short term and long term package power limits. May 1, 2016 · Request PDF | On May 1, 2016, Ulf Kulau and others published Undervolting in Real World WSN Applications: A Long-Term Study | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Jul 22, 2023 · Before we begin, keep in mind that overvolting and undervolting a CPU beyond manufacturer specifications may damage your system, so use this guide at your own risk. Note - while there is some concern about the steroid portion, it has not affected my daughter's or my bone density at all, in spite of the fact that we must also use oral There is power limit throttling out of the box. The short answer is that undervolting is the manual reduction of voltage to a CPU or GPU. However, a different type of anti-acid medication (such as an H2 antagonist like famotidine or a contact antacid medication containing calcium carbonate like TUMS Jul 28, 2024 · Undervolting your CPU follows the same procedure as undervolting your GPU, but even quicker and easier. Can that happen to me within the next 5-ish years, which is how long my system will last before I'll need an upgrade? Jun 12, 2024 · Users should practice caution when modifying laptops or any other electrical devices, as it may impact the manufacturer’s warranty or cause long-term damage to components. Jul 18, 2024 · Undervolting a CPU is a process we use to decrease the voltage supplied to the CPU, while maintaining its performance. Repeat the stress testing to confirm stability and adjust the voltage as needed. Can such undervolting cause long-term damage/strain to the CPU? I've heard chips never fail partially, but I've also heard about something as chip degradation, which can cause your CPU to lose stability at otherwise stable settings. If performed right, devices generally produce less heat while exhibiting improved battery performance. doi: 10. By undervolting, you can significantly lower the temperature of your CPU, improving both its efficiency and longevity. GPU undervolting is not a set-and-forget process, as game updates or new drivers may affect stability. Undervolting Guide Definitely agree with this post. Undervolting single handedly reduces power consumption in the long run, so your system automatically draws less power, reducing the temperature inside your machine. Undervolting a hot CPU will both help it stay cooler and run at better frequencies improving performance in games as well. Your best speed happens to be the same as stock, but for less voltage and lowered temps. 2022;25(3):317-329. The effects from stimulants can kick in within an hour. I don't believe you can undervolt your Nvidia GPU in XTU. However, Adderall is generally well tolerated and long-term risks aren’t common. It allows for continued maintenance of improved mood and can reduce the likelihood of relapse. Undoubtedly, undervolting comes with a range of benefits, from reduced power consumption to lower heat generation and quieter operation. This will over long term degrade the battery performance and lead to a drop in voltage. The idea behind undervolting is to find the optimal minimum voltage that a processor can use without causing performance losses or instability. This means in short, bursty work your CPU will still be able to go up to its max frequency, but under a long-term load like gaming it will burst up initially to load things faster but settle down to the long-term PL1 power limit as it continues to work which will reduce temperatures and frequency after that initial burst. Nonstimulants Mar 13, 2009 · It has long been recognized that novelty effects exist in the interaction with technologies. It is important to use proper tools and techniques to ensure safe undervolting, and to monitor and test the system for stability afterwards. This process saves energy, lowers heat, and maintains computer performance. Sep 11, 2023 · Properly testing and fine-tuning your GPU’s performance is essential to reap the benefits of undervolting. CPU stress testing tools such as Prime95, AIDA64 Then Intel Extreme Utility was updated and doesn't allow anymore to do undervolting. The question is whether stool softeners do much good. Another stress test is the only way to determine what needs to be done. In the bottom of the Window, you will see some buttons with basic functions: Save - Saves the current settings to the . The more frequently an individual used cannabis, the greater the resulting cognitive impairment, suggesting a potential causative link. Apr 14, 2024 · To understand how undervolting works, you need to understand the core concept behind it: the silicon lottery. Be sure to download the latest version. 912-0. For example, power package 35 25. Most of the time these higher voltages are unnecessary and lead to increased power consumption and increased temperature limits. Apr 24, 2024 · How to Undervolt Your CPU and Never Regret: A Guide to Safe Tuning. Overall this study found that short-term melatonin use isn’t harmful. com Sep 11, 2023 · The primary benefit of undervolting is the reduction in CPU temperature. 15,17 Based on the current state of knowledge that PPIs do not completely inhibit acid secretion, and the generally sufficient physiologic reserves of B12 in the general Undervolting is always safe, and is in fact preferred for the health of the silicon. There are significant physical, mental and social risks associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepines. The only problem may be the file system: In some cases files can be corrupted, etc. Sep 6, 2022 · Studies have shown that for patients with long-term PPI use, there can be rebound secretion of stomach acid and an increase in upper gastrointestinal symptoms when discontinuing PPIs. Reproductive System Alcohol use can cause sexual dysfunction, such as difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection and decreased sexual sensations. The longer you use opioids, the greater the risk of becoming addicted. 1038/s41593-022-01013-9 Crönlein T, Zulley J. What to know about short-term melatonin usage. May 4, 2022 · Even though the undervolting process has ended, it’s important to test the system’s long-term stability. Apply the undervolt to your CPU using the appropriate software or BIOS settings 6. The fault-tolerant character of WSN protocols and applications that do not assume completely reliable systems legitimize undervolting - a Sep 8, 2020 · You have the long term turbo power limit set to 45W and the short term limit set to 56W. As an example, a processor may require 1. Use HWInfo64 for the average results and don't minimize the game to check every second, just do your gaming session and check after. 5 points on average from childhood, and there were deficits in learning and processing speed compared to people that did not use cannabis. Nov 10, 2021 · Long-term use is defined as two or more months at a therapeutic dose and when used long-term, BZDs pose potential harmful effects. This side effect seems more Jul 17, 2024 · Long-term Management and Monitoring. Tools to Use for Undervolting: 1. Hi everyone. Apr 3, 2024 · It’s important not to get overwhelmed by the interface. Studies have cast doubt on the effectiveness of preparations taken expressly for stool softening. You can also specify a time window for each limit in seconds. Power draw See full list on digitaltrends. 2v to work properly, but the manufacturer will give it 1. Jun 14, 2024 · It has possible short-term and long-term side effects. The 15W limit set internally by HP is in control of your CPU. So I use curve optimizer and then apply an extra negative Offset just to keep it cooler. Focus on the highlighted parts. Undervolting isn’t a set-it-and-forget-it process. Now, let’s explore specialized software for undervolting, which makes the process a bit easier. Long term, the ThrottleStop requested long term value is going to be reduced to 45W by the Razer firmware. I'm looking for a good futureprorf CPU for my gaming setup. Short-term effects. Jul 6, 2022 · When you undervolt a CPU or GPU you're reducing that pressure, which has an effect on the energy available for that processor to work. Although this class of medications is named after a single condition, antidepressants are also used to treat many other illnesses including: May 19, 2023 · Does undervolting GPU increase lifespan? Undervolting your GPU by a small, healthy increment can reduce its temperature. Jun 14, 2022 · Long-term cannabis users' IQs declined by 5. So usually close all other applications before undervolting. Aug 26, 2023 · We’ll also guide whether undervolting is safe and how to approach it cautiously to ensure the long-term health and reliability of your graphics card. This will automatically undervolt your GPU, lowering its May 21, 2013 · Would you believe that many computers and smartphones can run cooler and consume less power? A trick exists, called undervolting, which can increase your CPU's efficiency with few drawbacks. Long-term use of Lexapro can offer several benefits for individuals with chronic or recurrent mental health conditions. Undervolting is a continuous process, and it is crucial to monitor your CPU’s performance and temperature regularly. It’s important to note that undervolting can also cause damage to a CPU over time if not done properly. Overall your settings look OK. Back to the point. exe now (not the shortcut we will be creating next). Over time, long-term users have less control over their weight, often due to the way benzodiazepines are metabolized and how they impact appetite. Jul 30, 2023 · Stress testing the undervolted CPU was emphasized to ensure maximum stability and reliability, followed by the importance of monitoring and adjusting the undervolt settings as needed for long-term performance. Typically a good one will provide 13v and a bad one will dip to 11. You cannot use ThrottleStop to go beyond 15W long term. Options - Goes to the options menu for Dec 30, 2023 · All in all, manual CPU undervolting is a long iterative process, since fine-tuning settings, running stability tests, and monitoring the system’s behavior until you find the sweet spot between efficiency and performance takes time and effort. To do so, just select Undervolt GPU on the left-hand side. This guide will use the MSI Afterburner utility to undervolt the GPU. Long-term use is sometimes described as use not shorter than three months. Basically yes, the hardware is usually safe, as long the voltage is decreased. Jul 7, 2023 · Some pulmonologists are switching long-term albuterol users to a Symbicort inhaler (formoterol plus budosenide) for long term use and saving albuterol for exacerbations. Blood sugar. Jan 9, 2010 · Check the Undervolting Guide at Notebook Review for step-by-step instructions, and take the time to explore RMClock's power management profiles – the tool has a lot to offer. Jan 26, 2024 · This seems to be more likely if you take higher doses of prednisone over a long period of time. [2] Benzodiazepines are generally effective when used therapeutically in the short term, [3] but even then the risk of dependency can be significantly high. Despite this recognition, we still know little about the novelty effects associated with domestic robotic appliances and more importantly, what occurs after the novelty wears off. The purpose of reducing the voltage is to lessen heat output and power consumption, which can extend the CPU’s lifespan and potentially lower energy costs. We don’t have a lot of research on whether Adderall side effects are different in men versus Mar 22, 2022 · Step 1: What you’ll need. After finding the sweet spot for voltage, it’s essential to manage and monitor GPU behavior over time. Seven people taking it long-term describe their experiences. Aug 19, 2024 · Undervolting is a great way to extend the life of your CPU, and it can help your system run cooler and perform better. Additionally, studies have shown that long-term use of Lexapro can help regulate the brain's serotonin Start off by booting into your bios and setting short term power limit (PL2) to 253 and long term PL1 to 125. It complaints about not having undervolting protection enabled (if I enable it I guess it will work for overclocking but not for undervolting). Undervolting can increase lifespan, as well as allow for a stable overclock. It is cured by setting a custom TDP limit (45 W works fine for long term loads on my machine). Thermal paste that was improperly applied or if it is degrading; that is what causes your temperatures to get higher. Undervolting lowers maximum temperature, and all the benefits that come from it, but also lowers performance. Recently I've gotten a 3080 ti, and it rightfully so outputs higher temps than my 1080 ti did. Lower temperatures have also been linked to longer life in the experience of many users, while overheating can cause hardware to die earlier. Undervolting is overclocking. Keep in mind that the increased overclocking may lead to a higher power draw from your power supply. And it can be difficult to tell May 26, 2016 · To show the usability of undervolting in a real world WSN deployment, a long-term study of IdealVolts in a Smart Farming application is performed and the reliability and performance characteristics of Ideal Volting against a regular powered WSN are compared. 5v. I use MSI Afterburner, and run my 1650 Super on 0. Sep 21, 2020 · Hey guys, its my first attempt to post a question on this forum so please go easy on me. Undervolting your GPU can reduce power consumption, help keep Basically I'm worried about hardware damage if it does crash after 7 hours stress test because of instability, but it'll probably never crash from simply daily use since I don't use the computer more than 5 hours a day, and that's mostly web surfing. These 3 areas are all you need for now. When CPUs are made, they are often set to have a much higher voltage than Jun 22, 2023 · Why do I still use Offset Undervolt? I cant do - 30 all core curve optimizer, crashes. There is stronger evidence that the long-term use of one particular antidepressant, Paxil, does increase the risk of developing dementia. Apr 15, 2017 · Main Window: Left. The method is OS-specific, but typically you can do it in the same application that does undervolting. Famotidine may be used for a longer period under the direction of your healthcare provider for treatment of intestinal or stomach ulcers, gastroesophageal Yes, in that you won't damage your hardware. There are guides to undervolting if you want to dive into it, just look up how to undervolt for your particular motherboard. Cold weather will cause the battery to under perform as well. Jul 19, 2024 · Psychology Today states cerebral ventricular enlargement — which can cause further neurological impairment — has been noted as a side effect of long-term benzodiazepine use. Not significantly, only by lik 5-10 percent. We know the GPU shortage is rough, but you’ll need an Nvidia or AMD ‘Unobtanium’ GPU for this to work. So I have this question: can I undervolt my CPU and then, when cpu won't be enough, disable undervolting, get a better cooler? Sep 27, 2023 · Consider slightly scaling back the the core and memory overclock for better long-term stability. More research is needed on how long-term corticosteroid use affects the heart and the risk of heart disease in the long term. I have to seek individual values per core, takes some time and patience. I've recently found out about undervolting, and after trying it out on my own, I found that my gpu temp dropped significantly and the performance of the game I was playing was slightly improved. Some pastes do not perform well long term when the CPU is constantly over 90°C like your CPU is. Nov 19, 2018 · The association between the decreased absorption of B12 and PPI use was shown in short-term studies but the effect was not consistent in patients with long-term PPI use. Feb 7, 2023 · Undervolting is the process of lowering the operating voltage of the GPU or CPU. Graphics cards Creatine is the number one choice of sports supplement for athletes at all levels – and with good reason. Input your Curve value and hit apply. 60mw), use the laptop for a few weeks, then decrease it by another 10mw if there are no hiccups. You can try a curve of -10, -15, -20, -25 or go to the max of -30. If you drop voltages far enough you will get crashes. Long-term effects of Adderall may include dependence and misuse, heart problems, and slowed growth in children. May 13, 2024 · Nevertheless, antidepressants such as Zoloft are often prescribed for long-term use when healthcare providers believe their benefits outweigh their risks. Jun 19, 2016 · Intel says the 8250U has a 15W TDP rating. What Is Undervolting? Undervolting is the process through which you are taking away some of the voltage that […] May 13, 2022 · It’s still unknown whether it’s safe long-term for pregnant and chestfeeding people, as well as children or people with dementia. Same thing with a car's battery, over time the lead acid battery will no longer beable to provide you 12v. Jun 21, 2021 · The risk of problems from long-term use of stool softeners such as docusate sodium (Colace, Regulax SS, other brands) really isn't the issue. May 14, 2024 · Step 3: You can use automated undervolting, for a quick and easy undervolt. Regularly revisit your settings, particularly after GPU driver updates, to ensure continued stability and efficiency. Dec 22, 2021 · Undervolting is the process of reducing the voltage your GPU has access to. However, manufacturers usually go a little further than necessary to ensure reliability on bad silicon lottery chips, so there's almost always a little room for undervolting with absolutely no downsides. Because either of application failures or the BSOD itself. If you don’t want to bother doing anything else, this will bring your temps down considerably on their own. Mar 9, 2018 · Using this combination, we took a 13. Shi Y, Cui M, Ochs K, et al. High voltage levels often result in elevated temperatures, which not only hamper performance but can also lead to long-term thermal damage. For modern GPUs, such as the RTX 3000 and RX 6000 series and newer, it’s better to select a Custom preset and choose a setting that’s within your VRAM limit but high enough to give you a more realistic benchmark. This is especially concerning in the elderly, who are at increased risk for psychomotor impairment, car accidents, and cognitive impairment such as anterograde amnesia-diminished short-term recall, and increased Jan 30, 2023 · Use the stress testing tool to find the lowest voltage that still allows your CPU to run stable 5. Sep 19, 2022 · Talk to your healthcare provider right away if you need to use this product for longer than 14 days or you’ve had heartburn for longer than 3 months, as you may have a more serious problem. Dec 31, 2021 · Unlike CPU overclocking, which involves tinkering with the system BIOS, GPU undervolting is a simple affair that can be done within minutes from the safety of your operating system. Every kid reacts differently to ADHD medication. Instead, the voltage is adjusted as per the amount of load in the CPU. Havent done yet. Aug 31, 2021 · Undervolting cannot make your temperatures higher. Long-term diazepam treatment enhances microglial spine engulfment and impairs cognitive performance via the mitochondrial 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO). Some laptops are hard locked internally to 45W long term so your power limit requests that you set in ThrottleStop might be ignored. For instance, power package 35/5 25/60 for 5 seconds and 60 seconds respectively. While undervolting a CPU is relatively safe compared to overvolting and overclocking, there’s always a risk of damage to your system and your warranty may be voided. Whether you try to remove the power limit from the BIOS or via software programs, find and set the highest value for Long Duration Power (PL1), Short Duration Power (PL2), and Turbo Duration/Time. Just use the main PBO2. [3] Jun 21, 2024 · Step-by-step instructions to undervolt your NVIDIA or AMD graphics card Undervolting your GPU is the process of reducing the amount of voltage your graphics card has access to. If you have a 6GB or lower VRAM GPU, choose the 4K Optimized preset. AMD says the CPU can reach 95 no problem, it will start thermal throttling at 90c. Apr 18, 2024 · Undervolting your graphics card only takes a bit of time, and it can greatly improve your gaming experience. But even using opioids to manage pain for more than a few days increases your risk. With ASUS GPU Tweak III, you have two different ways to make your card more efficient, and we’ll discuss both in the guide below. :) My question is, I have applied an underclock and undervolt to my GTX 1660ti mobile, and have achieved stable performance while gaming and with Heaven benchmark. Mar 4, 2023 · To make the optimal decision between undervolting or overclocking for your system, it is essential to conduct thorough research and experimentation that matches up with your needs. I read some forums and most people say you cannot damage components by undervolting but my current experience showed otherwise. By extension, your fans will last longer as they’ll need to spin to 100% less often. I always recommend undervolting to everyone regardless if they are having problems or not. By the end of this article, you’ll have a better understanding of the pros and cons of undervolting and whether it’s a suitable option for your specific needs. There are a few ways to accomplish this, and it’s recommended that you try more than one method. Jul 19, 2024 · Primarily, ever long-term use was defined as a binary variable using 2 thresholds (>30 days and >90 days). May 20, 2024 · Long-term alcohol use is associated with a higher risk of progressive cognitive decline and age-related neurological conditions like dementia. My strategy for undervolting was to start with the CPU using a reasonably low value (0. Undervolting usually comes with lowering the core frequency. Potential undervolting dangers include damage and instability. To address this gap, we undertook a longitudinal field study with 30 households to which we gave Roomba vacuuming robots in people with mild cognitive impairment. (Aka a flat curve) Step 4: From now on you will have Heaven Benchmark always running after each attempt at undervolting. Mar 25, 2024 · Benefits of Long-Term Use. Still, these studies are all observational: They don’t prove that SSRIs cause the problems, only that their use is associated with them. 3v to make sure it's stable. Mar 7, 2024 · Other patients have been forced to ration or halt doses because the drugs are costly — $1,000 to $1,300 per month — and insurance coverage varies or because demand has far outstripped supply Jan 4, 2023 · Bleeding is the biggest risk with long-term blood thinner use. It may be helpful to seek professional assistance for undervolting, or practicing on an old device first. Mar 22, 2022 · Long-term benzodiazepine use attacks synapses. So now I have to try to get similar results in the BIOS, but it simply seems impossible. What you're risking is stability. This is one of the reasons undervolting doesn’t get quite the results it used to, since the CPU is actually undervolting itself when idle. Nov 10, 2022 · But if frequency stays the same as voltage increases, GPU will use the lowest voltage value on the curve to run at your desired frequency, it won't try to increase voltage, you're basically giving it a frequency/voltage cap. Jan 28, 2023 · The trade-off is that undervolting may lead to system instability or crashes if not done properly. Feb 9, 2021 · Modern CPUs, especially those in laptops, don’t use a static voltage. Most of the factory overclocked cards tend to ship with higher voltages. Undervolting is overclocking, just a different approach. Blood thinners may not make you feel better on a daily basis. Dec 3, 2022 · Instruction 5 is the one I use. As I said, I am a completely noob about this undervolting stuff. I do not use the Burnt toast notifications part of the instructions on the Github. Jul 31, 2024 · Long-Term Effects of Cocaine Use on the Respiratory System Respiratory problems and pulmonary damage : Snorting cocaine can cause mucous membrane damage through the sinus cavity, leading to the throat and upper respiratory system; however, smoking crack cocaine is more likely to cause serious respiratory problems . CPU undervolting adjusts the CPU’s power supply to enhance efficiency and reduce electricity use. I've been thinking about getting 5800x but I've heard it's pretty hot. The process can require a great deal of patience and confidence as the potential for disaster exists. 900V and 1925-1975MHz. Undervolting does boost performance and reduce temps so if you want to you can do that, really not required or needed in anyway. Dec 5, 2023 · There’s also a Custom option in the Preset drop-down to allow you more granular control. Unlike most products that compete for space on the shelves of health food stores up and down the country, creatine does precisely what it says on the tin: namely boost the body’s phosphocreatine energy system, thereby enhancing short-term, high intensity anaerobic efforts. Now, would it be alright for me to leave Nov 15, 2023 · Long-Term Maintenance. Undervolting can be a good idea if you suspect the manufacturer overvolted a component or for benefits such as heat reduction, power saving, etc. 3-inch ultrabook (i5-7200u + MX150) where the metal body between the keyboard and screen would reach around 50 o C (122 o F), and improved its long-term The fault-tolerant character of WSN protocols and applications that do not assume completely reliable systems legitimize undervolting - a highly efficient energy management technique where the supply voltage is set below the minimum specifications. 6. Feb 12, 2020 · Setting your power limits to 50W or 60W for the long term limit and to 65W or 70W for the short term limit should be OK. Undervolting is generally helpful, but does not directly prevent throttling. Play your favorite game for an hour. Increase both of these limits to 60W and see if the throttling goes away. You need to use separate cables from your power supply to each connector on your GPU, so you can't connect with the first one and also use the pigtail. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the risks associated with long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), focusing on long-term use of PPIs for three common indications: gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett’s esophagus (BE), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) bleeding prophylaxis. Blood sugar (glucose) can increase within hours of taking a corticosteroid. The bottom-center features 3 buttons: reset to stock settings, save settings, and apply settings. Jan 22, 2022 · Overclocking is getting the best speed possible for the lowest stable voltage and lowest temps as a result. ini file. If you're power limited or thermally limited (which, really, ist just another way of being power limited) then undervolting is the only way to gain more performance. HP has decided to enforce that limit. In addition, to examine the duration-response association with long-term use of oral corticosteroids, we used the year, which met the definition for the long-term use, as a continuous variable. The Downside of UnderVolting. Still, they’re one of the best measures you can take to protect Mar 30, 2015 · I got worried so I restarted the computer and used the original settings with the voltage at 1182mv. We advise reviewing the GPU’s power draw and temps periodically. . The extra voltage will create a bit more heat. After about two years of taking Ozempic for diabetes or weight loss, people say they still have to stay diligent about diet and exercise. Ideally, this aims to maintain performance relatively close to stock settings whilst boosting efficiency. This will eventually pump enough power to the CPU to boost to its maximum frequency. Let’s gather the necessary tools for the job. The performance was almost the same but the artifacting got worse and worse during the test. nlkcmaa cenayd zzjyx civdgw zsijk wveqjh cxo khpxbg hlqw tsp