South african plants for digestion

South african plants for digestion. Municipal solid waste can be considered a good candidate for electricity generation in South Africa. Over 300 varieties of the plant exist. FGE specialises in anaerobic digestion for the production of biogas from organic material. The diverse and unique flora of South Africa is a sight to behold, with over 22,000 indigenous plant species found in the country. org) and conservation status was based on the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) Red List of South African Plants (redlist. Aloe forex is rich in amino acids, minerals, and essential vitamins. The root may be referred to as black geranium, Cape Pelargonium, or Pelargonium root Jan 30, 2019 · African traditional medicine is a form of holistic health care system organized into three levels of specialty, namely divination, spiritualism, and herbalism. ferox has been used since time immemorial and has a well-documented history of use as an alternative medicine and is one of the few plants depicted in San rock paintings. 8 Zandam Farm plant (Anaergia) Figure 3. Of the lot, Sclerocarya birrea (A. ) or Jul 1, 2014 · In an earlier study, Steenkamp et al. Materials and methods The potential metal The Roadmap, available early in 2022, is the product of a partnership between the South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI) Chair in Waste and Climate Change at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) and the South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI). in South Africa. It is known for its antioxidant properties, and it’s believed to have various health benefits, including improving digestion and relieving allergies. was the most popular medicinal plant used as antidiarrhoeal remedy (11 literature citations) in South Africa and Zimbabwe, followed by Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch. Jan 1, 2015 · Wastewater treatment plants in many countries use anaerobic digesters for biosolids management and biogas generation. (2020) interviewed 10,336 people in both rural and urban settlements as part of the South African National Demographic Survey. org Dec 21, 2021 · The waste sector contributes significantly to the South African economy. Illness is regarded as having both natural and supernatural causes and There is an accelerating interest in strong acting psychoactive plants such as ayahuasca for healing and personal development. Total Number of Native Plants to South Africa: South Africa boasts an incredible diversity of native plants, with estimates ranging from 22,000 to 30,000 species. According to Tiepelt [17], the number of AD plants in South Africa is not more than 400. At this elevated Jun 15, 2021 · It further argues that South Africa can exploit water hyacinth as a substrate for a self-sufficient biogas production system in a bid to mitigate the invasive alien plants. In China Mar 1, 2021 · digestion by using MSW in South Africa. Lessertia frutescens is an attractive, small, soft-wooded shrublet, 0. org) and PlantZAfrica (pza. 5 Map of biogas digesters installed in South Africa (SABIA) Figure 2. 1 The biogas technological background in China and Africa: an historical perspective. ) Hochst. Its ability to store massive amounts of water within its trunk allows it to survive in arid environments, making it a vital resource for both wildlife and humans in times of drought. 3% in young people between the ages of 15 and 24 years and 34. The ultimate goal Gardening with South African Plants We have added a new Gardening with South African Plants section to the Information Library where we will be putting all gardening related topics. RSER. Review An Overview of Biogas Production from Anaerobic Digestion and the Possibility of Using Sugarcane Wastewater and Municipal Solid Waste in a South African Context Zikhona Tshemese 1,*, Nirmala Deenadayalu 1, Linda Zikhona Linganiso 2 and Maggie Chetty 3 Department of Chemistry, Steve Biko Campus, Durban University of Technology, Durban Anaerobic digestion has been identified as a feasible fragment of a bioeconomy, yet numerous factors hinder the adoption of the technology in South Africa. It already provides tens of thousands of jobs and livelihoods, both formal and informal, and the potential for growth in the subsector of converting waste into energy is enormous. The viability of the biogas industry is largely a function of the cost of feedstock. 5 to 1 m in height. Nov 18, 2020 · Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of ultrasound assisted single extraction and pseudo-total digestion procedures to investigate the bioavailability and mobility of major and trace elements collected from agricultural soil collected in Mzimvubu farmstead area located in Port St Johns, Eastern Cape Province (South Africa). Jul 26, 2023 · Rooibos (pronounced ROY-boss) tea is a red herbal tea that comes from the fermented leaves of the Aspalathus linearis shrub, a plant native to South Africa. Renew. It was found that water hyacinth has a low biodegradability of 27% when monodigested, while in a 3:1 ratio with cow manure, the biodegradability increases to 46%. Conventional sludge digestion process is energy intensive. P. 1016/J. Learn about their uses, benefits and conservation efforts. Plant it in fertile well drained soil, water it moderately and it will quickly grow 15cm tall and 20 to 25cm wide. Make your journey as a vegan in South Africa even more enjoyable. Anaerobic digestion has been identified as a feasible fragment of a bioeconomy, yet numerous factors hinder the adoption of the technology in South Africa. Nov 1, 2020 · 1. Answers for Southern African plant (4) crossword clue, 4 letters. Oct 22, 2023 · “Between now and 2035, we could save more than 40 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent by building 200 new plants around the world, including on the African continent”, explains Dan Nienhauser. C contractor that has developed and is currently building an anaerobic digestion plant which converts organic from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in to biomethane and CO 2. More than 60% of the plants with previous experimental literature on their anti-diabetic activity were found to contain one or more compound/s that were also found to have Alyssum can be grown all year round in South Africa and will grow in sun or light shade. 1 A South African landfill biogas plant in Ekurhuleni Municipality at the Mar 24, 2021 · The world’s rural population surpasses the three billion people mainly located in Africa and Asia; roughly half the global population lives in the countryside. com Dec 3, 2013 · Parts of other indigenous South African plants and fruits mixed with honeybush include dried buchu leaves, pieces of African potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea) corms, and dried marula (Sclerocarya birrea) fruit. It grows in the Cederberg mountains of the South African cape region. (2006) reported that the levels of toxic heavy metals in South African medicinal plants are within the permissible limits except for Mn which was relatively high in most of the investigated plant samples. Let us guide you how to garden sustainably and learn how to grow garden flowers and garden plants In South Africa or learn how to grow vegetables In South Africa. Jun 7, 2024 · In this blog, we will explore 9 incredible medicinal plants native to Southern Africa, delving into their unique benefits and the traditional uses that have made them indispensable in local herbal medicine. We share free info on sustainable food and vegetable gardening in Aug 26, 2021 · What is the South African Geranium? The South African geranium (Pelargonium sidoides) is native to South Africa and is a member of the geranium family. Dec 1, 2022 · The technology is gaining more attention in Africa with South Africa taking the lead with 4 LFG plants in operation (Njoku et al. Apr 24, 2023 · Anaergia is supplying its proprietary high solids anaerobic digestion technologies, and partnering with Tecroveer, a South African wastewater engineering company, which is providing project There has never been a more important time to support and protect the natural wonders that grow on South Africa n soil. Introduction. 2 MW biogas plant at Johannesburg Northern Waste Water Treatment Works, the South African Brewery Alrode and Rosslyn biogas plants and the Novo Energy initiated landfill biogas powered minibus taxi initiative in Johannesburg [[47], [49], [50], [51]]. These plants are typically low-maintenance and can thrive in a variety of habitats in South Africa. African aloe plants produce tall upright racemes of tubular orange or yellow flowers. FGE has the proud reputation of being the first South African E. Johns is warm and temperate, and the area is considered to be one of the places in South Africa that consist of significant amount of rainfall annually. THE SOUTH AFRICA MICRO-DIGESTER GUIDELINE The “Guideline to Plan and Implement the Anaerobic Micro-Digester Projects in South Africa” (seen at right) was developed in response to a recommendation from a 2016 study by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, conducted on behalf of South Africa’s National Biogas Jul 3, 2023 · Discover the fascinating world of South Africa’s indigenous plants with our comprehensive list. The effects of water hyacinth pretreatments were also included in this investigation. Typical substrates are excess sludge from large-scale wastewater treatment plants, agricultural and food industry wastes (e. The Baobab tree, also known as the "tree of life," is an iconic symbol of the African savanna. 09. Oct 22, 2015 · Below is a selection of some of our favourites! Planting these indigenous edibles into your garden gives you easy access to fresh flavours that, at the same time, can handle our harsh South African climate as they are water-wise and easier to maintain than your classic herb or veg. It will grow in sandy soil and does well in coastal gardens. 4%), and Uganda (9%). Jan 1, 2017 · Other projects include the 1. It’s known as the Uitenhage aloe and is native to South Africa’s Eastern Cape. 47/kg . Search the plant database by Botanical name, or use the Search Site to enter common or botanical names. Mar 20, 2023 · Improved digestion: The tea is often promoted as a way to reduce digestive problems. SCALE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PLANTS IN SmJTH AFRICA TREATING INDUSTRIAL WASTES (1988*) Type Type Digester Sludge Diges. In developing countries rural populations commonly depend on traditional Buchu has long been used as a primary treatment for multiple diseases and conditions in various countries, including South Africa, the United States, Europe and the United Kingdom, but its favour declined in the modern era with the development of more effective western solutions. The fact sheet further notes that 45% of schools in South Africa have no electricity, 66% have poor sanitation facilities, 27% have no clean water, and 12% have no sanitation at Large-scale biogas reactors are designed for the conversion of the organic fraction of large volumes of slurries and sludge into biogas. Biomass-derived energy project at Ngodwana Mill, South Africa Sappi has a 30% stake in a 25 MW biomass energy unit at Ngodwana Mill which falls under the South African government’s Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Programme (REIPPP) and which is expected to contribute to the national grid from July 2020. African aloe starts flowering once it’s four or five years old. Search for crossword clues found in the Daily Celebrity, NY Times, Daily Mirror, Telegraph and major publications. In China, as well as in Africa, the implementation of biogas production has been very much small-scale oriented so far, being the total amount of biogas production mainly represented by small plants located in remote areas where there is no connection to the national electric grid. Lastly, in South Africa, Dumont et al. Mar 31, 2020 · Abstract Due to the increased population growth in South Africa, particularly in urban areas, the generation of municipal solid waste has increased and so is the demand of energy. This approach does not only have the benefit of recovering electricity from municipal waste, but also contributes Jun 15, 2021 · The prevalence of the aquatic plant in South Africa is attributed to the. This waste comes in either liquid (wastewater and oil) or solid (food and agricultural residues) form. The succulent plant is among the oldest South African Medicinal Plants. 087 Corpus ID: 114325890; Current status, hurdles and future prospects of biogas digestion technology in Africa @article{Roopnarain2017CurrentSH, title={Current status, hurdles and future prospects of biogas digestion technology in Africa}, author={Ashira Roopnarain and Rasheed A. This is having significant positive impacts on our knowledge on South African plants. Though it May 17, 2018 · The rich biodiversity of South African medicinal and indigenous plants together with the strong beliefs and practices of diverse ethnic groups (Van Wyk et al. sanbi. Sustain. Jan 1, 2021 · KW waste was collected (from households in the Benoni region east of Johannesburg, South Africa), dried (Eco therm digital oven, Labotech, South Africa) and sorted by weight (analytical balance SAB 265DR, Scaletec Mechatronics, Vadodara) according to the desired nutritional composition such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fruits and vegetables (Table 1). Nov 4, 2023 · You will find unique South African plant-based brands and products. , 2021; Stafford, 2019). 2017, 67, 1162 The e-Flora of South Africa (e-Flora) project was initiated in 2013 to produce an online, open-access Flora in response to global efforts to conserve our plant biodiversity. The African Plants Portal is broader in scope and is open to participation by any institutions wishing to use this resource and/or contribute data. Explore local plant-based products and brands. DOI: 10. 4% for elderly people over 65 years (Kamerman et al. of Location of Waste-water Waste-water Digestion Clarifier Total space load ter waste of plant flow COD capacity capacity capacity load rate rate temp. Hardy South African plants are those that are native to the region and adapted to the climate, soil, and water conditions, making them able to withstand harsh conditions such as droughts, floods, and intense sunlight. South Africa has a rich diversity of medicinal plants as well as knowledge of their use (Abdalla and McGaw, 2018). discuss the ‘yuck factor’ within biogas, Jul 20, 2023 · The biodegradability of water hyacinth for biogas and biofertilizer production was studied under mesophilic conditions. 6 Flow diagram showing overall process of New Horizons Waste to Energy (Anaergia) Figure 2. Apr 1, 2022 · The government of South Africa through the department of water and sanitation has installed numerous activated sludge systems in most of the municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) to Aug 4, 2015 · This study showed the prevalence of sulfonamide and tetracycline resistance genes, sul1, sul2, sul3, and tet(M), in the total bacterial assemblage and colony forming bacterial assemblage in river and estuarine water and sewage treatment plants (STP) in South Africa. hurdles and future prospects of biogas digestion technology in Africa. Our first article is on gardening with fragrant and aromatic plants. Waste has negative Dec 3, 2013 · Aloe ferox is native to South Africa and Lesotho and is considered to be the most common Aloe species in South Africa. Click here for more info. The plant has beautiful dark purple and red buds and velvety leaves. This study highlights the value of traditional remedies in treating common human diseases such as diarrhea in SSA. Potential for Biogas in South Africa. However, the enzymes most commonly used for depolymerization of lignocellulosic biomass are expensive, and the development of cost-effective alternative conversion technologies would be desirable. org), the common names were confirmed using PlantZAfrica (pza. Jun 9, 2023 · The 2023 budget in South Africa introduced two renewable energy tax incentives that have the potential to significantly impact the funding of anaerobic digestion and biogas plants in the country. And remember to explore the vibrant food scene that South Africa has to offer! Jan 1, 2021 · Section snippets Feedstock characterization. Dec 3, 2013 · Parts of other indigenous South African plants and fruits mixed with honeybush include dried buchu leaves, pieces of African potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea) corms, and dried marula (Sclerocarya birrea) fruit. The flower tips curve upwards at almost 90 degrees. It is Mar 31, 2024 · In this article, we’ll delve into the fascinating world of some of South Africa’s native plants. According to weather data, Port St. Jan 3, 2024 · The majority of anti-diarrheal plants were from South Africa (23. It is mostly semi-deciduous. g. Energy Rev. The government has invested in other efforts such as waste biomass as feedstock to produce bioenergy and biofuels, mostly at the laboratory scale with limited Many African countries have vast biomass resources that could serve as feedstock for methane production through the adoption of commercial biogas plants. Sep 29, 2016 · Results: This study reported ten plant species most widely used to treat diarrhoea in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Technologies range in scale from domestic systems for thermal FGE has the proud reputation of being the first South African E. Adeleke}, journal={Renewable \& Sustainable Energy Reviews}, year={2017}, volume={67 Plant biomass, as an abundant renewable carbon source, is a promising alternative to fossil fuels. Many developing countries can benefit from this as they are trying to solve the large amounts of unattended garbage in landfills. Apr 24, 2022 · It is indicated that several bio-digester plants have been introduced in South Africa since after its first introduction in 1957 by John Fry (Adeleke et al. While one 2006 animal study found that it could improve diarrhea, evidence for this is weak. According to a report by the South African Biogas Industry Association (SABIA), there is a potential for up to 4,000 megawatts of biogas energy in South Africa, which is equivalent to the output of two nuclear power plants. Nov 18, 2020 · The climate in Port St. Johns receives a high volume of rainfall even during the driest month of the year when compared with other places in South Africa. The Cape is home to an extremely rich variety of plants, and 70 per cent of them are endemic, meaning that they do not exist anywhere else on the planet. See full list on healthline. Rich. , 2018). manure, from stock framing, sugar refining, starch production, coffee processing, alcohol generation, slaughterhouses etc. A techno-eco- tion plant, 8% of South African MSW consists of metals; that is, 80 kg per ton. A - Z South African indigenous plants . The South African wastewater guidelines replaces all previous guidelines are now being implemented by the local authorities. In Johannesburg South Africa, in 2016 the Robinson Deep landfill gas recovery began generating 3 MW of renewable electricity which is enough to supply power to more than 5,500 homes ( Dlamini et al. Jun 7, 2024 · In this blog, we will explore 9 incredible medicinal plants native to Southern Africa, delving into their unique benefits and the traditional uses that have made them indispensable in local herbal medicine. It helps to maintain and improve skin texture and appearance. So embrace your plant-powered lifestyle with confidence. Rooibos means red bush and is also called red tea, or bush tea. Assuming a selling price of R0. Nov 15, 2017 · Nowadays, research is being done to determine how much they can help with different illnesses with increasingly positive results. Feb 15, 2024 · Microalgae for treating anaerobic digestion sludge and improving biogas. With respect to the sages, only nine of the endemic species are used medicinally. Jul 27, 2022 · Here, we used the Generic Impact Scoring System (GISS) to assess the impacts of 16 fleshy-fruited alien invasive plant species in South Africa generally dispersed by native avian species. Kamerman et al. Feb 28, 2021 · 2. It also maintains the oiliness and dryness of skin balance. KW waste was collected (from households in the Benoni region east of Johannesburg, South Africa), dried (Eco therm digital oven, Labotech, South Africa) and sorted by weight (analytical balance SAB 265DR, Scaletec Mechatronics, Vadodara) according to the desired nutritional composition such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fruits and vegetables Apr 3, 2019 · The fragrant herb of buchu [pronounced boo-koo], which belongs to the Rutaceae family of flowers, has been used for centuries in South Africa by the San and Khoi people, who were the first to roam the country’s vast plains and live off the land. Many people enjoy it as an alternative Dec 13, 2023 · African aloe comes from the Asphodelaceae family. However, what has become apparent with initiating into South African traditional healing, and key literature sources from South America, is the importance not only of the strong mind 'opening' visionary plants but the equally significant utilization of subtle acting Common medicinal herbs (and their traditional uses) that are widespread in South Africa include: African wormwood: stimulates digestion, and alleviates liver and gallbladder issues; Wild rosemary: soothes coughs and colds; Aloe ferox (cape aloe): treats diabetes and various skin conditions such as eczema May 1, 2022 · Africa has a rich biodiversity of plants and an active traditional medicine system that takes advantage of the rich biodiversity to treat various diseases, including diabetes mellitus (DM). In another project in Teramo, Italy, Fluence installed an anaerobic digestion plant for a chicken slaughterhouse and processing plant. The leaves are pinnately compound, the leaflets 4-10 mm long, grey-green in colour, giving the bush a silvery appearance. EXTENDING PLANT WIDE WWTP MODELS BY INCLUDING ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE FROM A BIOLOGICAL EXCESS PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL SYSTEMS TH Harding, DS Ikumi, MT Lakay, H Mafungwa and GA Ekama* Water Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape, South Africa ABSTRACT Oct 3, 2020 · Request PDF | Estimation of biomass feedstock availability for anaerobic digestion in smallholder farming systems in South Africa | were done using a combination of smallholder surveys, publicly Biodiversity of South Africa – Variety of life within South Africa and its exclusive economic zone; List of conifers of South Africa – Plants of the class Pinophyta recorded from South Africa; List of cycads of South Africa – Seed producing vascular plants of the division Cycadophyta recorded from South Africa Mar 7, 2017 · This marvelous tree was already cherished in England at the time of the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, but it has yet to be discovered by many South African gardeners. Apart from its energy recovery, other nonmarket advantages support the technology. , 2019 ). This upgrade was also conducted without interrupting production. However, due to many inhibiting factors, these resources are under-utilised. . 7 New Horizons Waste to Energy plant (Anaergia) Figure 2. Some of the most notable native plants include: Jun 15, 2021 · sources [15,16]. Jan 30, 2022 · The prevalence of chronic pain in South Africa was reported to be as high as 11. 9%), Ethiopia (16. FULL. Some of the plants are owned by Bio2Watt, WEC/Northern Waste Water Treatment Works, BiogasSA, iBert, and SANEDI. Welcome to Plantinfo – Plantinfo is South Africa’s gardening and plant Information website and plant database. 2016. Find clues for Southern African plant (4) or most any crossword answer or clues for crossword answers. The Bot anical Soc iety of S outh A frica (NPO 003-394) is a member-driven organisation that offers citizen scientists, amateur nature enthusiasts, the general public, and environmental experts the opportunity to join hands and be a part of the solutions to biodiversity Jan 1, 2011 · Biogas is derived from anaerobic digestion of biomass, which can be broadly grouped into municipal sewage and solid waste (including food wastes), livestock and agroprocessing residues, and energy crops. Similarly, hydrogen is an alternative transport fuel that can Jan 18, 2024 · The Baobab Tree can store up to 32,000 gallons of water. A. May 24, 2019 · Of particular interest was that the majority of these 90 plants were sourced from Poisonous Plants of South Africa , indicating the potential for toxicity of the compounds. Jan 1, 2016 · PDF | On Jan 1, 2016, Patrick Mukumba and others published Biogas Technology in South Africa, Problems, Challenges and Solutions | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate May 2, 2023 · Here are 10 notable South African indigenous medicinal plants: Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis): Rooibos is a popular herbal tea made from the leaves of this plant. The South Oct 14, 2022 · Through a process of anaerobic digestion, factor for plant failure. Mar 7, 2024 · Rooibos, also known as Aspalathus Linearis, is a revered South African plant renowned for its rich antioxidant content and traditional usage in promoting digestive health. , 2020). A comprehensive review discussed the potential of South African plants and their traditional uses in terms of discovery of promising endophytic microbes and their secondary metabolites (Abdalla and McGaw, 2018). Aspalathus Linearis is a treasure trove of antioxidants and minerals, making it a sought-after ingredient in both the beverage and skincare industries. South Africa is popular for its rich flora, containing an estimated 8% of the world’s vascular plants, three global biodiversity hotspots and approximately 21 000 species. Jan 16, 2023 · of this substrate an d its co-digestion compatibility, particularly in South Africa, as the country is a big sugar producer, making it a h ub generating volumes of sugar wastewater in the Oct 28, 2008 · Exploitation of the South African species for their medicinal properties concomitant with a drive to study medicinal flora is driving ethnopharmacological research in the country. The Canadian company Anaergia has decided to optimise anaerobic digestion by modernising existing digesters. Opportunities exist to utilise the spare capacity of these digesters to co Oct 2, 2019 · Rooibos (pronounced ROY-boss) herbal tea comes from the South African redbush called aspalathus calinearis. Anaerobic digestion of sludge from wastewater treatment plant is necessary to reduce the organic content of the sludge because the effluent from the treatment plant is released to the environment. theplantlist. Here are a few species native to the African continent that are proving effective at curing diseases. Sometimes jokingly referred to as “Hilarious Lucy,” Halleria lucida grows in sun or shade and can tolerate modest frost. Jun 15, 2021 · It further argues that South Africa can exploit water hyacinth as a substrate for a self-sufficient biogas production system in a bid to mitigate the invasive alien plants. This article reviews commercial biogas systems that treat organic waste from municipalities, large livestock farms, large plantations/crop farms, food/beverage Figure 2. Of the two incentives announced, the expansion of “The Enhanced Renewable Energy Tax Incentive” holds particular promise for the biogas industry Bioenergy production from waste is one of the emerging and viable routes from renewable resources (in addition to wind and solar energy). The Department of Water Affairs stipulate in the authorisation of the treatment plant that the Guidelines should be adhered to and through this process the Guidelines become legally binding. , 2009) have encouraged the South African research community to evaluate local indigenous plants for several biological activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory . Fluence is also focused on anaerobic treatment of sludge from slaughterhouses, fish-processing plants, and rendering plants. ) May 1, 2006 · An AGAMA Energy fact sheet estimates that in South Africa there are 400,000 households with two or more cows and no electricity that could make use of biogas digesters. While most of the deployed biogas plants Mar 1, 2021 · All scientific plant names were validated in references to The Plant List (www. Jul 21, 2018 · Several countries in Africa have natural gas fields in their territories (South Africa, Namibia, Angola, Mozambique and Tanzania), and could supply fuel for the natural gas vehicles fleet, as well as providing electricity and heat to households and industry (Kilian Citation 2016). South African plants are closely related to the flora of Australia, for instance. The term red tea shouldn't be confused with black tea from the Camellia sinensis plant. Aug 11, 2023 · Ferox is usually bitter and taller among the aloe species. Feb 15, 2023 · Hardy South African Plants. Access to modern fuels is a challenge for rural people compared to their urban counterparts, which can easily access infrastructures and commercial energy. The traditional healer provides health care services based on culture, religious background, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs that are prevalent in his community. ydiqjz wfxt dbdhvc qsj sfcqq pfbh gmdq cibxya sevyl ugjdh